# A static site generator

when I decided to start blogging, it was mostly for me to learn and remember all tech thing I learnt throughout time.
I also want to explore a wide diversity of technology, not focus on a particular one.

Hence to start blogging, I obviously needed a static site generator. 
Many of them exist already, like Hugo for example, however rewriting one from scratch is typically the kind of exercise I want to throw myself into.
The advantage of a static site is clearly its loading speed : a simple html file, combined with a small licked css, and a whole new blog is born
Anyway, writing this static site generator from scratch is also the perfect excuse to explore a not so widely know technology to manipulate text files. 

## Introduction to AWK

AWK, from the intials of its creator, is an old an powerful text file maniulation. Syntactically close to C, it is a scripting language to manipulation text entries.
Its [wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK) sums up nicely its story.
I thought it was clever to use is for a site generator, to parse markdown files and generate html ones.
However, according to this [listing](https://jamstack.org/generators/) of static site generator programs, another one has had the same idea.
Hence, the following, as well as my code is heavily inspired by [Zodiac](https://github.com/nuex/zodiac) (even though the repo has not been touched for 8 years).

## Parsing markdown

Following the official [syntax](https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), is a good start for a parser.
AWK works as follow : it takes an optional regex and execute some code between bracket, as a function, at each line of the text input.
For example :

    /^#/ {
        print "<h1>" $0 "</h1>"
    }

Although `$n` refers to the n-th records in the line (according to a delimiter, like in a csv), the special `$0` refers to the whole line.
In this case, for each line starting with `#`, awk will print (to the standard output), `<h1> [content of the line] </h1>`.
This is the beginning to parse headers in markdown.
However, by trying this, we immediatly see that `#` is part of the whole line, hence it also appear in the html whereas it sould not.
AWK has a way to prevent this, as it is a complete scripting language, with built-in functions, that enable further manipulations.
`substr` acts as its name indicates, it return a substring of its argument.

    /^#/ {
        print "<h1>" substr($0, 3) "</h1>"
    }

In the example above, as per the [documentation](https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/html_node/String-Functions.html#index-substr_0028_0029-function) 
it returns the subtring of `$0` starting at 3 (1 being `#` and 2 the whitespace following it) to the end of the line.

Now this is better, but we now are able to generalized it to all headers. Another function, `match` can return the number of char matched by a regex,
and allows the script to dynamically determine which depth of header it parses. This length is stored is the global variable `RLENGTH`:

    /^#+ / {
        match($0, /#+ /);
        n = RLENGTH;
        print "<h" n-1 ">" substr($0, n + 1) "</h" n-1 ">" 
    }

Reproducing this technique to parse the rest proves to be difficult, as lists for example, are not contained in a single line, hence 
how to know when to close it with `</ul>` or `</ol>`

## Introducing a LIFO stack

Since according to the markown syntax, it is possible to have nested blocks such as headers and lists withing blockquotes, or lists withing lists, I came with the simple idea to track to current environnement in a stack in AWK.
Turns out it came out to be easy, I only needed a pointer to track the size of the lifo, a fonction to push an element, an another one to pop one out :

    BEGIN {
        env = "none"
        stack_pointer = 0
        push(env)
    }

    # Function to push a value onto the stack
    function push(value) {
        stack_pointer++
        stack[stack_pointer] = value
    }

    # Function to pop a value from the stack (LIFO)
    function pop() {
        if (stack_pointer > 0) {
            value = stack[stack_pointer]
            delete stack[stack_pointer]
            stack_pointer--
            return value
        } else {
            return "empty"
        }
    }

The stack does not have to be strictly declared. The value of inside the LIFO correspond to the current markdown environment.
This is a clever trick, because when I need to close an html tag, I use the poped element between a `</` and a `>` instead of having a matching table.

I also used a simple `last()` function to return the last pushed value in the stack without popping it out :

    # Function to get last value in LIFO
    function last() {
        return stack[stack_pointer]
    }


This way, parsing lists became trivial : 

    # Matching unordered lists
    /^[-+*] / {
        env = last()
        if (env == "ul" ) {
            # In a unordered list block, print a new item 
            print "<li>" substr($0, 3) "</li>" 
        } else {
            # Otherwise, init the unordered list block 
            push("ul")
            print "<ul>\n<li>" substr($0, 3) "</li>"
        }
    }

I believe the code is pretty self explanatory, but when the last environement is not `ul`, then we enter this environement.
This translates as pushing it to the stack.
Otherwise, it means we are already reading a list, and we only need to add a new element to it.

## Parsing the simple paragraph and ending the parser

I showed examples of lists and headers, but it works the same way for code blocks, blockquotes, etc.. Only the simple paragraph is different : 
it does not start with a specific caracter. That is, to match it, we match everything that is not a special character.
I have no idea if this is the best solution, but so far it proved to work:

    # Matching a simple paragraph
    !/^(#|\*|-|\+|>|`|$|\t|    )/ {
        env = last() 
        if (env == "none") {
            # If no block, print a paragraph
            print "<p>" replaceEmAndStrong($0) "</p>"
        } else if (env == "blockquote") {
            print $0
        }
    }

AS `BEGIN`, AWK provide the possibilty to execute code at the very end of the file, with the `END` keyword.
Naturally we need to empty the stack and close all html tags that might have been opened during the parsing.
It only is a while loop, until the last environement is "none", as it way initiated : 

    END {
        env = last()
        while (env != "none") {
            env = pop()
            print "</" env ">"
            env = last()
        }
    }

This way we are able to simply parse markdown and turn it into an HTML file.
Of course I am aware that is lacks emphasis, strong and code within a line of text. 
However I did implement it, but maybe it will be explained in another edit of this post.
Nonetheless the code can still be consulted on [github](https://github.com/SiwonP/bob).

## Parsing in-line fonctionnalities

For now we have seen a way to parse blocks, but markdown also handles strong, emphasis and links. However, these tags can appear anywhere in a line.
Hence we need to be able to parse these lines apart from the block itself : indeed a header can container a strong and a link.